Visiting
Author Challenges Print Preservation Techniques
by Ariella Cohen
Hosted
by Oberlins Friends of the Library, writer and self-proclaimed
lover of anything old Nicholson Baker spoke last Saturday
night to an audience crowded with students, faculty and staff, but
also library donors, local book lovers and alumni.
Baker recently published his eighth book, a book about what
libraries kept and what libraries decided not to keep, he
said, starting his talk on the library movements mass destruction
of printed newspaper and switch to microfilm. Titled Double Fold
after the mid-20th century experiments that the government used
to test the durability of paper, Bakers third work of non-fiction
takes readers through his investigation of 20th century book and
newspaper preservation efforts.
While I dont agree with many of the points that Baker
has made, he has impacted the ways I think of library science. He
has raised libraries to a more prominent place in public conscience,
Director of Libraries Ray English said, introducing Baker to the
Saturday night crowd.
Bakers views challenge the library old guard as
he refers to the aging cadre of librarians who in the past 50 years
have restructured library preservation around technology upgrades,
discarding paper for mechanized and then digital copies. This emphasis
on improving technology has come at the expense of entire regions
of newspaper history. Everyone in the library community thought
the Library of Congress was keeping everything but they have no
legal obligation and over the years they have gotten rid of large
masses of stuff, Baker said. While at one point the Library
of Congress had complete runs of all of Americas city and
local papers, now their collection is limited to a few larger city
papers. There is no complete run of the elaborately designed 19th
century journal of popular news and culture, the New York World,
anywhere in the country, not even in the massive Columbia University
School of Journalism named in honor of the papers editor Joseph
Pulitzer.
Baker works to convince local libraries that the common practice
of microfilming collections and then discarding the unbound papers
actually throws off their intentions of preserving the nations
history in that the intricacy and much of the quality is lost in
the translation from paper to plastic microfilm slide. Baker
has shown that there is an awful lot we dont know about paper
deterioration, he shows how open to question some of the assumptions
about the process are, English said.
According to Double Fold, the only testing of paper staying ability
ever fully completed was done in the lab of MicroFilm Corporation.
The biggest problem is that microfilm was a business. We took
the best papers and gave them over to the corporations. A for-profit
company should not have been deciding how to compile history,
Baker said.
In the early 90s Oberlin received grants to work with paper
testing. At this point it also hired a corporation to microfilm
their aging newspaper collection. By 1926 Oberlin boasted the countrys
16th-largest academic library, and while the bulk of Oberlins
current inventory was collected in the 20th century, it is still
those original collections that warrant special notice. The school
is very strong in 19th century periodicals, the remnants of the
schools missionary days including rare hymnals, temperance
bulletins and abolitionist records. When we have done preservation
it is when we have a very clear idea that something needs to be
done because we see that the deterioration process is already underway
and if we dont microfilm the print will be destroyed,
English said.
While microfilm, if done correctly, will capture complete text and
black and white photos, the intricacy of early newspaper lay-out,
illustrations and engravings, inevitably gets sacrificed to the
automated reel, to the space saving allure of the machinated reproductions.
Pointing to overhead projections of ornately illustrated 1898 New
York World layouts, Baker described the careful engravings that
filled newspaper inserts throughout the 19th and early 20th century.
Looking at early 20th century newspapers and late 19th century
I saw a New York I had had no clue about. The beautiful thing about
the actual newspapers is the simultaneity. The Titanic is sinking
but cigarettes are getting smoked at the same time, Baker
said.
Full-color New York World newsprint spreads, laid out around Robotic
Lover comics, watercolors of ballerinas and engravings of
the Iron Babel New York City Skyscraper prove Bakers grievance
with microfiche. The slant in the eyes of the ink-etched laborers,
the tiny comic captions such as Are Women Business Failures?
are still visible against the brittle-pages.
Baker has shown with news of the late 19th century and early
20th century that they have a very rich visual world that doesnt
reproduce well. The American librarian community somehow lost sight
of the importance of preserving these papers, English said.
Since World War II the country has been in love with technology
and even now the government will give you money if you say you want
to digitize or microfilm something but if you want a new staff position,
forget it, Special Collections and Preservation Director Ed
Vermue said.
While the College did not begin collecting New York newspapers until
after the movement to microfilm, a complete run of the Oberlin News-Tribune,
and every Oberlin Review ever created are squirreled away in the
Colleges special collection. It is the responsibility
of area libraries to preserve their local newspaper. That is the
way to preserve local history and we take it very seriously,
English said.
Frayed down the edges and shedding tiny paper shards like someones
half-hearted attempt to make newsprint confetti, the Colleges
run of the Oberlin News Tribune is fragile and cant
be taken out of its fourth floor environment-controlled conditions.
The papers, however, are rich as primary resources of American history.
With page three (The Science and Inventions page) headlines such
as Chinese Do Eat Cats and front-page stories about
Women and children [that] serve yellow, almond-eyed taskmasters
for even less than Chinese wages, the turn of the century
Tribune offers an authentic historical perspective, images of the
past suitable for Kings overhead projection screens or a students
paper.
While English believes in the importance of preserving these paper
editions, he also finds some impracticalities in Bakers unflagging
devotion to paper. I would disagree with Baker on the conditions
necessary for paper preservation. He was talking about newspapers
stored in tight stacks without air going in or out, he tends to
think you are going to be able to preserve print for a very long
time but I think he overestimates this lifespan and underestimates
the aging process, English said.
Right off the bat, Baker made it clear that Oberlin, even if it
did store its New York Times in steel filing cabinets reminiscent
of World War I ammunition boxes, was a place he liked. A brown-edged,
cracked page hardback had proven Oberlin to Baker. Chicago Records
Shop Talk On The Wonders Of The Craft had been written by Bakers
grandfather in 1896 and not sold many copies since. The slim volume,
however, resided in Mudds storage, its still crisp and turnable
pages open for check-out. I have been wanting the book for
a very long time but it is extremely rare and I could never access
it, until I came here, Baker said.
Although the books bindings hang off threads and its pages
are the color of coffee stains, it is readable. This attests both
to Bakers theories on the durability of paper as well as to
the fact that Oberlin is able to provide climate control storage
and that this book has been largely untouched for a century.
Following the lecture one student, junior Neil Freeman, caught Bakers
enthusiasm and checked out the 1896 book, eager to see what Baker
saw in the sepia pages, eager to look at a book that is one of five
left in the world.
Since his purchase of 5,000 volumes of American newspaper from the
British Librarys soon to be incinerated collection, Baker
has been operating an American Newspaper Depository.
While the British Library is forbidden by law to discard British
papers, it was up to the will of the librarian to deal with foreign
papers. Now the collection resides in his Home Depot sized warehouse,
in rural New Hampshire. In the library community we joke about
Baker now seeing the other side, now he has to deal with the costs
of storing a warehouse of old newspapers, getting people to take
care of it, the expenses of air conditioning, trying to get someone
to take them off his hands. Now he is seeing the whole picture,
English said.
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