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FD $$.$  D ICan river water be the source of the dissolved constituents in sea water?&JI  J Hydrologic cycle - water evaporates from ocean, transported over land, falls as rain water, dissolves rock constituents, & carries them into ocean basins When sea water evaporates, it takes some salts, but water vapor is effectively fresh water When water condenses to form precipitation, it usually ends up with significant dissolved CO2 & SO2 Rain water falling on continents is acidic Acidic water dissolves the continents M H  &   Chemical constituents in river water Average river water salinity = 0.120 actual vs. (estimate of unpolluted value)du$$%* R  ! fMost important dissolved constituents in sea water and river water Sea water River waterjgB $      g 99% of dissolved components are Cl -1 = ~ 55.1% Na+1 = ~ 30.6% SO4-2 = ~ 7.7% Mg+2 = ~ 3.7% Ca+2 = ~ 1.2% K+1 = ~ 1.1% Salinity = ~350  W                 f  R99% of dissolved components are HCO3-1 = ~ 48.7% Ca+2 = ~ 12.5% SiO2 = ~ 10.9% SO4-2 = ~ 9.3% Cl -1 = ~ 6.5% Na+1 = ~ 5.2% Mg+2 = ~ 3.4% K+1 = ~ 1.1% Salinity = ~ 0.120 | ZwZZ                     ^  J The total mass of dissolved solids added by rivers is great = ~4 x 109 tons, but cannot simply concentrate river water (by evaporation) & get sea waterl>    L    [Some other chemical processes must occur to change concentrations of dissolved constituents&\[ \ JWhat other processes add or subtract dissolved constituents to sea water? fK$$$$&$  K 5What are the sources of & sinks for dissolved solids?N6    6 Biological activity*$$  qOrganisms are ubiquitous in surface waters; many have tests (shells or hard parts) Organisms consume chemical constituents to make tests After organisms die, their tests sink Some sinking tests dissolve (remember CCD) Others accumulate as oozes at the bottom of the ocean Have calcareous & siliceous oozes Remove 1-2 x 109 tons of Si+4, Ca +2, & CO3-2 as CaCO3 & SiO26"K&!        K  % Degassing of ocean*$(  NDissolved gasses escape when bubbles move to the surface Bursting bubbles send small droplets of water into air Largest fall back to sea, but smallest remain in the air, carrying dissolved constituents Degassing may remove as much as 1-2 x 109 tons of all of the primary dissolved constituents, Na+1, Cl-1, Mg+2, SO4-2, HCO3-1, etc. O>  z1        -    Formation of evaporites*$$     Move sea water to restricted basin, where there is little recharge Evaporate & concentrate dissolved solids to their solubility limits Form salt crystals, which collect in layers of minerals (called evaporites) Not important now, but was important in geologic past Silurian Salina Group in Appalachians & Michigan Basin, Triassic Muschelcalk in Alps, Jurassic in the Gulf coast Evaporites remove masses of Na+1, Cl-1, Mg+2, SO4-2, HCO3-1 as halite (rock salt) & gypsum  ZqZ^Z  7q       b   y   %     9 Silicate clay flocculation*$$  Silicate clays are common weathering product, & are often carried into oceans by rivers Often clay minerals are missing cations in their structure Clays react chemically on encountering sea water, taking up Na+1 & K+1 Clay particles coagulate as a result of their sorption of Na+1 & K+1 & sink to the bottom Entire process = chemical reaction + coagulation + sinking = flocculation Flocculation removes masses of Na+1 & K+1p(   $  S     x  ) &Hydrothermal vents at MOR (smokers), I*'&  f ' tAt MOR, formation of new lithosphere fractures rock & brings magma to shallow depths Sea water percolates into rock along fractures, heats up, & rises through the oceanic crust to escape into sea water at hydrothermal vents Hot water is chemically active & metamorphoses basalt as it travels through crust Process also alters the types & concentrations of dissolved solidsuZf A0 u 'Hydrothermal vents at MOR (smokers), II*('  f ( Circulation rates are high; one estimate has a volume equal to all the water in oceans moving through vent systems in 5-10 Ma Vent circulation probably removes masses of Na+1, Mg+2, SO4-2 from sea water & adds Ca+2, Si+4, and K+1 to it When hot water with high concentrations of dissolved solids enters the cold sea, minerals precipitate, causing water to look cloudy or smoky Leads to white & black smokersbZ-40            W  ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3` ):@+H` ):@+H`  4@+H>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> +#(    6  P P V Click to edit Master title style! !   0T   P RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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H # "? 1H}' H}1H} H}1H} H}1H} H}1H }  H } 44 ' -(H-`)FCY-UP)8O <a-]+I 3(-a-^)%1 [-+$* u@-q)'-(j0-)8.u@-q)'1u@-q)84  -(H <a-]+F 2 [-P(eBY-UP)9O <a-]+I 3( -a-^)%1 [-+$* u@-q)'-(jT0-)8.u@-q)'0u@-q)82u@-q)76++HH 1}'"} "} 1}' }'}1}# "} 1} }}1}# "} 1} }}1}# "} 1} }} 1}  # "} 1' 1 1 1 1     44 '-P()@BG-D@ )9r <a-](-a-^)%1 [-+$* u@-q)'--)8 u@-q)'0-)8.u@-q)'06u@-q)p5 -p)F <a-](-a-^)%1 [-+$* u@-q)'--)8 u@-q)'0-)8.u@-q)'00u@-q)p1++HH 1'" " 1' '1# " 1 1# " 1 1# " 1  1  # " 1' 1'# " 9" " 1' '1 1# " 1 1 1# " 1 1 1# " 1  1     1  # " 9" " 3 jbjb^^ h<h<l #jDDDDDDDD, ZDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD8 KwDDD##DDDDNegative ions (in g per kg of sea water)Cl-1 - 18.98 SO4-2 - 2.649 HCO3-1 - 0.14 H2BO3-1 - 0.026Br-1 - 0.065F-1 - 0.001 *+-/;<>JKNOQ[\^_almoq{}5CJ0OJQJ5B*CJ,H*OJQJph45B*CJ,H*OJQJph45B*CJ0OJQJph45B*CJ,OJQJph4)*+9HIJm$$Ifl40$/0+H+H+H+H+H+H4 la $$Ifa$$If)*+9HIJKZjklmz  JKZjklmzmddddmpddddm $$Ifa$$$Ifl\$ #/    0+H+H+H+H+H+H4 la @8 =!8"8#8$8% Oh+'0`   ( 4@HPX'osos Steve WojtalWotevNormalo Wojtal/KozolWo2jtMicrosoft Word 9.0d@@@#DocumentSummaryInformation8* ՜.+,0 hp  'Oberlin College Geology  Titlepࡱ>       !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~  . !"#$%'()*+,-0123456R FL&zOle 1TableCompObjX FMicrosoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8 i(@(NormalCJmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font z)RSap~ @  @ @{ @ @GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 ArialCComic Sans MS;Helvetica3Times"1h]r&^r&#!0d Steve Wojtal Wojtal/KozolObjectPoolL&zL&zOlePres000 DWordDocumentSummaryInformation(&TCIPUM2mp ,, ,MSWD44 ', Comic Sans MS [ -.(mtNe`-`)}gG0-D@ )0at-)^iv-)Ee ~-}0)[iA-> )on -`)`s-(Z(~-} )!i^-[)n @- `)/ `-`)(g~-} )0 X`-U`)(p] -[)0er kp-l )g % -" )Wo-)0fe-`).  -`)(sGp-D@ ),ea- )f w:-8 )eateG-DP)r-)+)  -(mPl -l)0os~-}0)]iN-I )ti-)Ev-p),è-)3 ~-} )'i% -"0)o^-[)/n -`)0s-(R(~-} )!i^-[)n @- `)/ `-`)(g~-} )0 X`-U`)(p] -[)0er kp-l )g % -" )Wo-)0fe-`).  -`)(sGp-D@ ),ea- )f w:-8 )eateG-DP)r-)+)++HH 1 '" " 9" " 1'  '1 # " 1  1 # " 9" " 1 ?' ?1 ? ?1 ?  ? 44 '-`(JC-)8l <a-](-a-^)%1 [-+$* u@-q)'--)8 u@-q)'18-)p.u@-q)'9u@-q)88 -)SY-UP)?O <a-]+I 4(-a-^)%2 [-+$* u@-q)'-(+T2-)8.u@-q)'6u@-q)84u@-q)79 9-8 (Na <a-](?+a-^)%1 [-+$* u@-q)'-(+1u@-q)80-)7.u@-q)(5u@-q)75u@-q)86  -(M`-P)Pg <a-](C+a-^)%2 [-+$* u@-q)'--)8 u@-q)'1-)8.u@-q)'29++HH 1?H'"? 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H # "? 1H}' H}1H} H}1H} H}1H} H}1H }  H } 44 ' -(H-`)FCY-UP)8O <a-]+I 3(-a-^)%1 [-+$* u@-q)'-(j0-)8.u@-q)'1u@-q)84  -(H <a-]+F 2 [-P(eBY-UP)9O <a-]+I 3( -a-^)%1 [-+$* u@-q)'-(jT0-)8.u@-q)'0u@-q)82u@-q)76 -`(PCo@-l)8a <a-](+a-^)%2 [-+$* u@-q)'--)8 u@-q)'0-)8.u@-q)'40  i-f`)K <a-](+a-^)%1 [-+$* u@-q)'--)8 u@-q)'0-)8.u@-q)'38++HH 1}'"} "} 1}' }'}1}# "} 1} }}1}# "} 1} }}1}# "} 1} }} 1}  # "} 1' 1 1 1 1     44 '-P()@BG-D@ )9r <a-](-a-^)%1 [-+$* u@-q)'--)8 u@-q)'0-)8.u@-q)'06u@-q)p5 -p)F <a-](-a-^)%1 [-+$* u@-q)'--)8 u@-q)'0-)8.u@-q)'00u@-q)p1 -)SG-D@ )?r <a-](+a-^)%2 [-+$* u@-q)'--)8 u@-q)'0-)8.u@-q)'01u@-q)p3  `-)R-p):e -`)3s{-wp),t u@-q)S<u@-q)7<u@-q)8<g-f`)71%++HH 1'" " 1' '1# " 1 1# " 1 1# " 1  1  # " 1' 1'# " 9" " 1' '1 1# " 1 1 1# " 1 1 1# " 1  1     1  # " 9" " 3 jbjb^^ h<h<l j,C cZ NKwNegative ions (in g per kg of sea water)Positive ions (in g per kg of sea water)Cl-1 - 18.98 SO4-2 - 2.649 Na+1 - 10.556Mg+2 - 1.29HCO3-1 - 0.14 H2BO3-1 - 0.026Ca+2 - 0.40K+1 - 0.38Br-1 - 0.065F-1 - 0.001Sr+2 - 0.013Rest <<<1% RSUWcdfrt5CJ0OJQJ5B*CJ,H*OJQJph45B*CJ,H*OJQJph45B*CJ0OJQJph45B*CJ,OJQJph4$)7RSap~m$$Ifl40$/0+H+H+H+H+H+H4 la $$Ifa$ )7RSap~ mddddmddddm $$Ifa$$$Ifl\$ #/    0+H+H+H+H+H+H4 la @8 =!8"8#8$8% Oh+'0`   ( 4@HPX'osos Steve WojtalWotevNormalo Wojtal/KozolWo2jtMicrosoft Word 9.0d@@~@Dj#DocumentSummaryInformation8/ ՜.+,0 hp  'Oberlin College Geology  Titlelࡱ>   , !"#%&'()*+./01234R FL&zOle 1TableCompObjX FMicrosoft Word DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8 [(@(NormalCJmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font @ , $/ ,@@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 ArialCComic Sans MS;Helvetica3Times"1hfrfr!0d Steve Wojtal Steven WojtalObjectPoolL&zL&zOlePres000 fWordDocumentSummaryInformation($TCIPU,>>Dp ,,I ,MSWD I ,, Comic Sans MS [ -.(nxNe`-`)}gG0-D@ )0at-)^iv-)Ee ~-}0)[iA-> )on -`)`s-((~-} )!i^-[)n @- `)/ `-`)(g~-} )0 X`-U`)(p] -[)0er kp-l )g % -" )Wo-)0fe-`). -)(wG0-D@ )>at-)^eG-D@ )2r-),)-(nPl -l)0os~-}0)]iN-I )ti-)Ev-p),è-)3 ~-} )'i% -"0)o^-[)/n -`)0s-((~-} )!i^-[)n @- `)/ `-`)(g~-} )0 X`-U`)(p] -[)0er kp-l )g % -" )Wo-)0fe-`). -)(wG0-D@ )>at-)^eG-D@ )2r-),) 1 '" " 9" " 1'  '1 "# " 1"  " 1  # "  9"  "  1 ?' ?1 ?" ?1 ?  ?  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C D;F#=F#B S  ?p  /.Dl*t@襾 p@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 Arial;Helvetica3Times"1hII!0o Wendy Kozol Wendy KozolCompObj/2*XObjInfo,ObjectPool14L&zL&zWordDocument "s jbjb "kk] &CCCCEEEEEE,VqC!"CCCqCCCCCCCCCCC\JC rCC Evaporite formation (in shallow seas in arid climates) Lose Ca+2, Na+1, Mg+2, HCO3-1, SO4-2, & Cl-1 Degassing of sea water Lose Ca+2, Na+1, Mg+2, HCO3-1, SO4-2, & Cl-1 River inflow Add K+1, Na+1, Ca+2, Mg+2, HCO3-1, SO4-2, & SiO2 Metamorphism of oceanic crust Add Ca+2 & Si+4 Probably add K+1 Lose Na+1 & SO4-2 Probably lose Mg+2 & Cl-1 Biogenic oozes Lose Ca+2, HCO3-1, & Si+4 Flocculation of silicate clays Lose Na+1 & K+1 ACGIMOTUW[\^dfgh (*35:;=NPUWX̸̸̸̸5CJH*OJQJ5CJH*OJQJ5CJOJQJ5CJH*OJQJ5CJH*OJQJ5CJOJQJ5CJOJQJ jUmHH:gh ,>XYZi$:gh ,>XYZiXYZiprwxz5CJH*OJQJ5CJH*OJQJ5CJOJQJ5CJOJQJ N N!"#$%SummaryInformation(35DocumentSummaryInformation8OlePres0008&7WordDocumentB Oh+'0X    ,8@HP'osos Wendy KozolendNormalo Wendy Kozol2ndMicrosoft Word 8.0d@F#@r;$@5;$ ՜.+,0 hp  'Oberlin College  TitleTCIP~77~ ,,~MSWDMSWD ~q (?KWblv}vlbWK?( _q&&##!z!h!VE4%   %!4#E$V$h&z&&rqj(#(&&$#!!###oqv((###!!#$&&(={q]q#G#&&&(&)8)I+[-l0{257:=ADGFA==:730.+{)l([&I$8$&###*AqDzDGxzD|s q:!52532.)#!&+023333q - -- yqr aaaRF9-,"  #-9FRaq(&(++JJ , Comic Sans MS : -.&_@J(j(0Evŀ-6)a- ) po"- 1 )r- d) i-`?/)t-P) e-e(9/fP-OK) orˀ-ɠ)mat-14)*i-}n)o- I-) n %s@-qPf+1(R(x-)in s-2E)h-K)al`-۰&_) l-Pe)ow s`-^S))ea-d)s in T-S@%$)ar@-0)iD -C)d-(fEcl@-emE) iA-@)mp-o0) a-e#) tP`-N1")e-()s)-a({L-H<)o-`/)sP`-NM")e -2)  Cp-oe0)a -(uI+-y)2 %-2++, Np-o0)a -d(uw+-dy)1 %-p9+, V-U%) M\-[) g -dk(u+-dYy)2 %-pʬ+,-P2(HI -Gf) CO -+3(<--y)1 %-p +, X-W&) Sv -u@2 ) O -˂+ 4p(q--]y)2 %`-1+, &  -% )C`-P1<) l -1/(--1y)1EG] ~"!##########################="S#############################?">############################ "R0"F"U <"Uz" # ">++JJ J :$-$@\ (cD-)e7@-6`c) gŀ-`) a-6) sk-/) sinH-H5)g o-`)#f -.6)sz+-ye) ea R-Oa)$wŀ-`a`)a-`./) t-a) e"- - ) r %-(yL-v<)o-`])sP`-Nz")e -0)  Cp-oc0)a -(r+-y)2 %-0Y+, Np-o0)a -c&(r+-cy)1 %-pf+, V-U %) M\-[) g -b(r=+-by)2 %-p+, -@) H -.) 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9.0d@@hw@x ՜.+,0 hp  'Oberlin College  Titler ,P Yg j@cad&Hl .e6pnptv@xhz|~ƀHrr_>m\ Oh+'0 `h , L X dpx'~AIM: Introduce you to scientific study of the world's oceans and seas, which together cover about 70% of the earth's surface a Steve Wojtale ySteven Wojtal y177Microsoft PowerPoint sc@W>?@ 6"U@ZK GPICTx @@ ͡ hHH /p 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User- ՜.+,0d    'On-screen ShowtOberlin College Geologyb TimesComic Sans MS HelveticaBlankMicrosoft Word DocumentMicrosoft Word Picture)Move Discussion from Wednesday to FridayNo Slide TitleNo Slide Title Sea wateryPrimary constituent ions in sea water total salinity = 34.342 parts per thousand = 34.482 PPT = 34.482 per mil = 34.482yPrimary constituent ions in sea water total salinity = 34.342 parts per thousand = 34.482 PPT = 34.482 per mil = 34.482#Solute concentrations in sea waterChanges in sea water salinityjIf sea water salinity has remained constant (oceans maintained a steady state), how is that accomplished?DWhat are the sources of the dissolved solids we see in the oceans? JCan river water be the source of the dissolved constituents in sea water?uChemical constituents in river water Average river water salinity = 0.12 actual vs. (estimate of unpolluted value)gMost important dissolved constituents in sea water and river water Sea water River waterThe total mass of dissolved solids added by rivers is great = ~4 x 109 tons, but cannot simply concentrate river water (by evaporation) & get sea waterKWhat other processes add or subtract dissolved constituents to sea water? Biological activityDegassing of oceanFormation of evaporitesSilicate clay flocculation'Hydrothermal vents at MOR (smokers), I(Hydrothermal vents at MOR (smokers), IINo Slide Title  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles%_m Steven Wojtal