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V  @   Physical properties of water, II!!$ ! <Hydrogen bonds contribute to H2O s large latent heat of fusion (= 80 cal/g) Hydrogen bonds contribute to H2O s very large latent heat of vaporization = 540 cal/g Solar radiation (insolation) reaching earth may be stored as latent heat in water at earth s surface On moon, noon temperature = ~135C; on earth highest temperature = 57C On moon, midnight temperature = ~-155C; on earth coldest temperature = -68C6Z + ' g!"!     !Physical properties of water, III""$ " In liquid water, H2O molecules tend to cluster; in clustered state, H2O molecules are held into weak structure by hydrogen bonds Clusters form & break up very rapidly - 1010 or 1011 times a second When one adds heat to water, much of the energy goes to altering the inter-molecular structure rather than to increasing the kinetic energy of H2O molecules Water has an extremely high heat capacity = 1 cal/g/C0Z  D   )   Physical properties of water, IV!!$ ! In crystalline water, H2O molecules bond together in a structure characterized by open, six-sided rings; the shape is dictated by the tetrahedral shape of H2O molecule ^      |Physical properties of water, IV " In crystalline water, H2O molecules bond together in a structure characterized by open, six-sided rings; the shape is dictated by the tetrahedral shape of H2O molecule " The volume filled by 24 H2O molecules in ice = the volume filled by 27 H2O molecules in water ?!$'3$ ?  Ice is less dense than water, & ice floats on water In fresh water, find that the maximum density of water occurs at 4C; between 4C and freezing temperature water becomes less dense as more of it becomes structured Ice is weak - bonds holding structure together are weak hydrogen bonds z!ZR  h= ! Aqueous solutions&$  `Water is an excellent solvent Polar molecules of water can attract & hold ions & other polar molecules At any temperature or pressure, there is a limiting concentration of any dissolved component called the solubility of the component When the concentration reaches the solubility, we say that the solution is saturated with respect to that component aZ  ]   a Aqueous solutions, II&   At saturation, molecules or ions may enter or leave the solution, but the total concentration does not change (have dynamic equilibrium) Most substances are more soluble, i.e. have higher equilibrium concentrations, at higher temperatures Gasses also dissolve readily in water Dissolved gasses will not escape from water unless we change the temperature or pressure of the water or alter the composition of the air above the water The solubilities of gasses are usually lower at higher temperaturest 20    4 #An interesting practical example, I&$#  $ Consider the solubility of carbon dioxide CO2 + 3H2O = HCO3 1 + H3O+1 + H2O = CO3 2 + 2H3O+1 Increasing pressure drives CO2 into solution i.e., HCO3 1 & CO3 2 are more stable at higher pressures Lower temperatures also lead to increase in the solubility of CO2 HCO3 1 & CO3 2 can attain higher concentrations in colder water I                e     2 I $An interesting practical example, II&%$  % Consider the solubility of calcium carbonate CaCO3 = Ca+2 + CO3 2 Concentration of carbonate anion (CO3 2) is buffered by the amount of CO2 in solution Increasing pressure enables sea water to have greater concentrations of HCO3 1 & CO3 2 (the products of the solubility reaction) CaCO3 is more soluble at higher pressure Similar effect occurs with decreasing temperature CaCO3 is more soluble in cool water than in warm water Altogether, CaCO3 is increasingly soluble at greater depthsP    %    7    /  I  1   "Carbonate compensation depth (CCD)&#"  # CaCO3 shells (tests) sink from surface waters Tests may reach a depth where water is significantly undersaturated with respect to CaCO3 At this depth, called the lysocline, shells begin to dissolve In the modern oceans, there is also a depth at which there is no longer any free CaCO3 This depth, called the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) = ~ -4 km CaCO3 tests accumulate only if they settle on sea floor above the CCD0  P  p  A6b  2    3Effects of dissolved substances on water properties&43  4 Little effect on heat capacity, latent heats of melting or evaporation, or water clarity Density of water with dissolved substances is greater than that of pure water Water with dissolved substances exhibits a freezing point depression & a boiling point elevation The greater the concentration of dissolved substances, the more pronounced these effects Water with dissolved substances freezes or boils over a range of temperatures rather than at a single temperatureY'C  W  ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3` ):@+H` ):@+H`  4@+H>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> +#(    6ݹ  P P V Click to edit Master title style! !   0޹   P RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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"z#"currentpoint "zgsave "/psTop exch def /psLeft exch def 3currentpoint /psBottom exch def /psRight exch def A6 array currentmatrix psLeft psTop translate psRight psLeft sub $634 406 sub div psBottom psTop sub 904 680 sub div scale 406 neg 680 neg translate /psl { lineto } bind def /psm { moveto } bind def qy%:N_m$o&z9JQX[afimos}u{wwxtyoyixfw`vXsGk5_3]O =)  4(F:S:SL_]gejjkolslvkvkxjyhzezaz[yVvOn>c+c+VE1 newpath 409 690 psm 408 692 psl 407 697 psl 406 699 psl 406 705 psl 407 711 psl 407 713 psl 409 720 psl 412 727 psl 420 744 psl 432 763 psl 433 765 psl 448 785 psl 466 805 psl 486 826 psl 507 846 psl 528 863 psl 548 877 psl 550 879 psl 569 890 psl 586 898 psl 593 901 psl 600 902 psl 603 903 psl 609 903 psl 614 903 psl 617 902 psl 621 901 psl 623 899 psl 627 897 psl 629 893 psl 631 891 psl 632 887 psl 633 884 psl 633 879 psl 632 873 psl 631 870 psl 630 864 psl 627 856 psl 619 839 psl 607 821 psl 605 819 psl 591 799 psl 573 779 psl 553 758 psl 531 738 psl 510 721 psl 490 706 psl 488 705 psl 469 693 psl 453 686 psl 445 683 psl 438 681 psl 436 681 psl 430 680 psl 424 681 psl 422 681 psl 417 683 psl 415 684 psl 412 687 psl 409 690 psl 421 696 psm 422 695 psl 426 694 psl 430 693 psl 435 694 psl 440 695 psl 448 698 psl 464 705 psl 483 717 psl 483 717 psl 501 730 psl 522 747 psl 544 767 psl 564 788 psl 582 808 psl 595 826 psl 595 826 psl 607 844 psl 615 861 psl 618 869 psl 619 874 psl 620 879 psl 620 883 psl 619 886 psl 619 886 psl 618 888 psl 616 889 psl 613 890 psl 609 890 psl 603 890 psl 598 889 psl 591 886 psl 574 878 psl 555 867 psl 555 867 psl 537 854 psl 516 837 psl 495 817 psl 475 796 psl 457 776 psl 444 758 psl 444 758 psl 432 739 psl 424 722 psl 421 715 psl 419 709 psl 419 705 psl 419 700 psl 420 697 psl 420 697 psl 421 696 psl "eoclip newpath closepath 0 0 psm setmatrix 1z grestore Q3 # "o#"currentpoint "ogsave "/psTop exch def /psLeft exch def 3currentpoint /psBottom exch def /psRight exch def A6 array currentmatrix psLeft psTop translate psRight psLeft sub $471 218 sub div psBottom psTop sub 879 684 sub div scale 218 neg 684 neg translate /psl { lineto } bind def /psm { moveto } bind def qnpYW?(!1@BIOTW\`bdhjlmnnnnkd[*O@AX?Z/r &i5S5SC;O%X_aaa`_\YTNG:* 1H^^u newpath 464 688 psm 462 687 psl 458 685 psl 456 685 psl 451 684 psl 445 684 psl 442 685 psl 428 688 psl 410 694 psl 390 703 psl 368 715 psl 345 730 psl 343 731 psl 319 748 psl 296 766 psl 275 784 psl 257 801 psl 242 817 psl 231 832 psl 229 834 psl 225 841 psl 222 847 psl 220 852 psl 219 855 psl 218 860 psl 218 864 psl 219 866 psl 220 868 psl 222 872 psl 225 874 psl 227 876 psl 231 877 psl 233 878 psl 238 878 psl 244 878 psl 246 878 psl 261 875 psl 278 868 psl 298 859 psl 320 847 psl 344 833 psl 346 831 psl 370 815 psl 393 797 psl 414 779 psl 432 762 psl 447 745 psl 458 731 psl 460 729 psl 464 722 psl 467 716 psl 469 710 psl 470 705 psl 470 703 psl 470 699 psl 470 696 psl 468 694 psl 467 691 psl 464 688 psl 457 699 psm 457 703 psl 457 705 psl 455 711 psl 452 717 psl 448 723 psl 438 736 psl 423 753 psl 405 770 psl 384 788 psl 361 806 psl 339 821 psl 339 821 psl 315 835 psl 293 847 psl 273 856 psl 256 863 psl 244 865 psl 238 865 psl 235 865 psl 232 864 psl 231 863 psl 231 860 psl 232 857 psl 234 852 psl 237 846 psl 241 839 psl 251 826 psl 266 810 psl 284 793 psl 305 775 psl 328 757 psl 350 742 psl 350 742 psl 373 727 psl 395 715 psl 415 706 psl 433 700 psl 445 697 psl 451 697 psl 454 697 psl 456 699 psl 457 699 psl "eoclip newpath closepath 0 0 psm setmatrix 1o grestore Q3 # 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Ptl t tXt ^t t@  ""`@ @GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 ArialCComic Sans MS3Times"0hbr&br&A0 Steve Wojtal Wojtal/KozolObjectPoolpXpXOlePres000@SWordDocument:SummaryInformation(BTCIP"'SS ,,MSWD44 /, Comic Sans MS B@-.(F R-)*e@-)%g-)#iJ-J)ot-s)"n-)#s o-`#)_f P-΀)?high-(}e-`)%l`-)ec- )GtJ-F )rJ-J) ot-s)"n*-)@ (9de`-`)Lns-)Bi-΀)ty thS-R)a- )%t*-)@ (]Wdes-s)Lf-)!it-s)n-)"e - )Bth-)Ee߀-(0shS-R)Fa@-)%pb-^)#e J-J)Bos-s)"f@-`C)" - )th-)Ee@-(h- )&y -)%br]-Z)Fid-΀): 'p-%  ) oJ-F`)@r@-ր4)b-)(itS-R)1a-`)%l [,-)@ (5Ox-)\ygF-F )GenS-R(?]a-)%to@--)Am`-(Dce`-)Gnt1-1 )AerH33ff q.q.q.q.q.q.q.}~}}~q.wzyzzyxwwxyq.qtsttsrqqrsq.knmnnmlkklmq.fihiihgffghq.`cbccba``abq.Z]\]]\[ZZ[\q.TWVWWVUTTUVq.NQPQQPONNOPq.HKJKKJIHHIJq.CFEFFEDCCDEq.=@?@@?>==>?q.7:9::987789q.14344321123q.+.-..-,++,-q.&)())('&&'(q. #"##"!  !"q.q.q.q.        q.q.q.q.    q.      q.        q.           q.       q.   q.q.q.q.q.q.q.q.q.q.q.    q.!!  !!q. ##"!  !"##q.!$$#"!!"#$$q.#}&&%$##~$}%}&~&q.$w'z'y&z%z$y$x%w&w'x'yq.&q)t)s(t't&s&r'q(q)r)sq.'k*n*m)n(n'm'l(k)k*l*mq.)e,h,g+h*h)g)f*e+e,f,gq.*`-c-b,c+c*b*a+`,`-a-bq.+Z.].\-],]+\+[,Z-Z.[.\q.-T0W0V/W.W-V-U.T/T0U0Vq..N1Q1P0Q/Q.P.O/N0N1O1Pq.0H3K3J2K1K0J0I1H2H3I3Jq.1C4F4E3F2F1E1D2C3C4D4Eq.3=6@6?5@4@3?3>4=5=6>6?q.477:796:5:494857677879q.6194938474636271819293q.7+:.:-9.8.7-7,8+9+:,:-q.9%<(<';(:(9'9&:%;%<&<'q.: =#="<#;#:":!; < =!="q.;>>=<;;<=>>q.=@@?>==>?@@q.>AA@?>>?@AAq.@C C B A @ @ ABC C q.ADDCBAABCDDq.CFFEDCCDEFFNlMq6OS OOPQRS S R Q P Oq6PT!PPQRSTT S!R!Q Pq6R'V6R)R(S'T'U(V4V5U6T6S5R)q6S<WKS>S=T<U<V=WIWJVKUKTJS>q6UQY_USURVQWQXRY]Y^X_W_V^USq6We[tWgWfXeYeZf[r[sZtYtXsWgq6Xz\X|X{YzZz[{\\[ZYX|q6Z^ZZ[\]^^]\[Zq6[_[[\]^__^]\[q6]a]]^_`aa`_^]q6_b__`abbba`__q6`d``abcddcba`q6bfbbcdeffedcbq6c gccd e fggfedcq6e"i1e$e#f"g"h#i/i0h1g1f0e$q6f7jFf9f8g7h7i8jDjEiFhFgEf9 P ""currentpoint "gsave "/psTop exch def /psLeft exch def 3currentpoint /psBottom exch def /psRight exch def A6 array currentmatrix psLeft psTop translate psRight psLeft sub $696 396 sub div psBottom psTop sub 760 683 sub div scale 396 neg 683 neg translate /psl { lineto } bind def /psm { moveto } bind def q;Vov^\A$$A\qoV; newpath 396 710 psm 397 713 psl 398 716 psl 400 718 psl 403 721 psl 405 722 psl 410 725 psl 415 728 psl 422 731 psl 430 734 psl 439 737 psl 460 742 psl 484 747 psl 487 748 psl 514 752 psl 542 756 psl 571 758 psl 598 759 psl 623 758 psl 645 757 psl 654 756 psl 662 754 psl 665 754 psl 672 752 psl 679 750 psl 684 748 psl 687 746 psl 689 744 psl 692 742 psl 693 740 psl 694 737 psl 695 734 psl 694 731 psl 694 729 psl 692 726 psl 691 724 psl 687 721 psl 685 720 psl 681 717 psl 675 714 psl 668 711 psl 660 708 psl 651 705 psl 630 699 psl 606 695 psl 604 694 psl 577 690 psl 548 687 psl 519 684 psl 492 683 psl 468 683 psl 446 685 psl 437 686 psl 428 687 psl 426 688 psl 418 689 psl 412 691 psl 407 693 psl 403 696 psl 401 697 psl 399 700 psl 397 702 psl 397 704 psl 396 707 psl 396 710 psl 409 708 psm 410 707 psl 412 705 psl 417 703 psl 423 701 psl 429 700 psl 437 699 psl 446 698 psl 468 696 psl 492 696 psl 519 697 psl 548 700 psl 577 703 psl 604 707 psl 625 711 psl 646 717 psl 655 720 psl 663 723 psl 670 726 psl 676 729 psl 679 731 psl 681 732 psl 682 734 psl 682 734 psl 681 735 psl 679 736 psl 674 738 psl 667 740 psl 662 742 psl 654 743 psl 645 744 psl 623 745 psl 598 746 psl 571 745 psl 542 743 psl 514 739 psl 487 735 psl 465 730 psl 444 725 psl 435 722 psl 427 719 psl 420 716 psl 415 713 psl 411 711 psl 410 709 psl 409 708 psl 409 708 psl "eoclip newpath closepath 0 0 psm setmatrix 1 grestore Q3 # "z#"currentpoint "zgsave "/psTop exch def /psLeft exch def 3currentpoint /psBottom exch def /psRight exch def A6 array currentmatrix psLeft psTop translate psRight psLeft sub $634 406 sub div psBottom psTop sub 904 680 sub div scale 406 neg 680 neg translate /psl { lineto } bind def /psm { moveto } bind def qy%:N_m$o&z9JQX[afimos}u{wwxtyoyixfw`vXsGk5_3]O =)  4(F:S:SL_]gejjkolslvkvkxjyhzezaz[yVvOn>c+c+VE1 newpath 409 690 psm 408 692 psl 407 697 psl 406 699 psl 406 705 psl 407 711 psl 407 713 psl 409 720 psl 412 727 psl 420 744 psl 432 763 psl 433 765 psl 448 785 psl 466 805 psl 486 826 psl 507 846 psl 528 863 psl 548 877 psl 550 879 psl 569 890 psl 586 898 psl 593 901 psl 600 902 psl 603 903 psl 609 903 psl 614 903 psl 617 902 psl 621 901 psl 623 899 psl 627 897 psl 629 893 psl 631 891 psl 632 887 psl 633 884 psl 633 879 psl 632 873 psl 631 870 psl 630 864 psl 627 856 psl 619 839 psl 607 821 psl 605 819 psl 591 799 psl 573 779 psl 553 758 psl 531 738 psl 510 721 psl 490 706 psl 488 705 psl 469 693 psl 453 686 psl 445 683 psl 438 681 psl 436 681 psl 430 680 psl 424 681 psl 422 681 psl 417 683 psl 415 684 psl 412 687 psl 409 690 psl 421 696 psm 422 695 psl 426 694 psl 430 693 psl 435 694 psl 440 695 psl 448 698 psl 464 705 psl 483 717 psl 483 717 psl 501 730 psl 522 747 psl 544 767 psl 564 788 psl 582 808 psl 595 826 psl 595 826 psl 607 844 psl 615 861 psl 618 869 psl 619 874 psl 620 879 psl 620 883 psl 619 886 psl 619 886 psl 618 888 psl 616 889 psl 613 890 psl 609 890 psl 603 890 psl 598 889 psl 591 886 psl 574 878 psl 555 867 psl 555 867 psl 537 854 psl 516 837 psl 495 817 psl 475 796 psl 457 776 psl 444 758 psl 444 758 psl 432 739 psl 424 722 psl 421 715 psl 419 709 psl 419 705 psl 419 700 psl 420 697 psl 420 697 psl 421 696 psl "eoclip newpath closepath 0 0 psm setmatrix 1z grestore Q3 # "o#"currentpoint "ogsave "/psTop exch def /psLeft exch def 3currentpoint /psBottom exch def /psRight exch def A6 array currentmatrix psLeft psTop translate psRight psLeft sub $471 218 sub div psBottom psTop sub 879 684 sub div scale 218 neg 684 neg translate /psl { lineto } bind def /psm { moveto } bind def qnpYW?(!1@BIOTW\`bdhjlmnnnnkd[*O@AX?Z/r &i5S5SC;O%X_aaa`_\YTNG:* 1H^^u newpath 464 688 psm 462 687 psl 458 685 psl 456 685 psl 451 684 psl 445 684 psl 442 685 psl 428 688 psl 410 694 psl 390 703 psl 368 715 psl 345 730 psl 343 731 psl 319 748 psl 296 766 psl 275 784 psl 257 801 psl 242 817 psl 231 832 psl 229 834 psl 225 841 psl 222 847 psl 220 852 psl 219 855 psl 218 860 psl 218 864 psl 219 866 psl 220 868 psl 222 872 psl 225 874 psl 227 876 psl 231 877 psl 233 878 psl 238 878 psl 244 878 psl 246 878 psl 261 875 psl 278 868 psl 298 859 psl 320 847 psl 344 833 psl 346 831 psl 370 815 psl 393 797 psl 414 779 psl 432 762 psl 447 745 psl 458 731 psl 460 729 psl 464 722 psl 467 716 psl 469 710 psl 470 705 psl 470 703 psl 470 699 psl 470 696 psl 468 694 psl 467 691 psl 464 688 psl 457 699 psm 457 703 psl 457 705 psl 455 711 psl 452 717 psl 448 723 psl 438 736 psl 423 753 psl 405 770 psl 384 788 psl 361 806 psl 339 821 psl 339 821 psl 315 835 psl 293 847 psl 273 856 psl 256 863 psl 244 865 psl 238 865 psl 235 865 psl 232 864 psl 231 863 psl 231 860 psl 232 857 psl 234 852 psl 237 846 psl 241 839 psl 251 826 psl 266 810 psl 284 793 psl 305 775 psl 328 757 psl 350 742 psl 350 742 psl 373 727 psl 395 715 psl 415 706 psl 433 700 psl 445 697 psl 451 697 psl 454 697 psl 456 699 psl 457 699 psl "eoclip newpath closepath 0 0 psm setmatrix 1o grestore Q3 # "33ff q6q6q6q6q6q6   q6$0 %$$%&/ 0 0 / . %q63?43345>??>=4q6CO'DCCDEN$O%O&N'M'Dq6S*_5T-S,S+T*U*^2_3_4^5]5T-q6c8oCd;c:c9d8e8n@oAoBnCmCd;q6sFQtIsHsGtFuF~NOP~Q}QtIq6T^WVUTT[\]^^Wq6aldcbaaijklldq6ozrqpoowxyzzrq6}~}}q6q6Fq6q6q6q6    q6)'())(q6.v<~0~/~.}.|/{:v;v<w<x;y0~q6AmOvCvBvAuAtBsMmNmOnOoNpCvq6TebmVmUmTlTkUj`eaebfbgahVmq6g\udidhdgcgbhas\t\u]u^t_idq6zS[|[{[zZzY{XSSTUV|[q6JRRRQPOJJKLMRq6AIIIHGFAABCDIq68@@@?>=889:;@q6/777654//0127q6&///.-,&&'()/q6&&&%$# !&q6      q6       q6%3 ' & % % &12332' q68E:9889CDEED:_Uq6q6q6q6 q6#"##"!q6(6)(()*56654)q6<J=<<=>IJJIH=q6O]POOPQ\]]\[Pq6cqdccdepqqpodq6vwvvwxwq6q6      q6    q6q6# !"##q6$+'&%$$()*++'q6+ 3.-,++ 0 1 2 3 3.q63 ;654338 9 :;;6q6%;3C&>%=%<&;';2@3A3B2C1C&>q69CGK:F9E9D:C;CFHGIGJFKEK:Fq6LKZRMNLMLLMKNKYOZPZQYRXRMNTcq6q6q6      q6x~xxyz{q6$o1w&w%w$v$u%t/o0o1p1q0r&wq66eDm8m7m6l6k7jBeCeDfDgCh8mq6I[VcKcJcIbIaJ`T[U[V\V]U^Kcq6[UbZ]Z\Z[Y[X\W`UaUbVbWaX]Z44 #N-N`(oH-@)3yB-B)$dr- )GogF-F )EenS-R(q2a-)%to@--)Am@-@)4 7-5 )cen- )jt-)eJ-F`)%r-6)s/Y "0q3VQV3HQW"SĶq000c<"d8[q qM"NmZqL|L|abLym33ffqui^iuV ^i#!#44QM=s++HH P@0`33ffq\\D \#!#44Q4j++HH P'w$Q44P vJ% :-(p1-@*)#0-)$5-@*)#JN{ "wqLPfrTrLPfhXdTrJu"q#qLhhLWZh3 jbjb^^ h<h<l....>>>>> J >R.bbbbb, Z= =..bb b.bb"0....@V =Lw>>RR 105 Oxygen atom center Regions of high electron density that define the shape of the hybrid orbital Hydrogen atom centers  !45 B*ph45B*CJOJQJph4 jUmH  !45$a$  !45 N N!."#$% Oh+'0`   ( 4@HPX'osos Steve WojtalWotevNormalo Wojtal/KozolWo2jtMicrosoft Word 9.0d@@\w1@\w1DocumentSummaryInformation8K ՜.+,0 hp  'Oberlin College Geology  Titleࡱ>   E !"#$%&'()*+,-./012346789:;<>?@ABCDGHIJKLMR FpXOle 1TablezCompObjX FMicrosoft Word PictureNB6WWord.Picture.8 i(@(NormalCJmH <A@<Default Paragraph FontLB@L Body Text$]a$5B*CJ OJQJphHP@H Body Text 2$a$5B*CJ OJQJph45I 458I @VIIIHL0 +H4@44 H(   Z  S 8 ZB @ s *D3fZB  s *D3fN2  S ԔT2  c $wԔ T2  c $AmԔ T2  c $.54Ԕ ZB  s *D3f ZB  @ s *D3f ZB   s *D3fZB  @ s *D3fZ   S  ,   E'(B<CZDEF3f <<Z @`Z2  s *4+HԔ?  яB<CZDEF3f <<Z @`Z2  s *4+HԔ?Z2  s *+H4p?B S  ? 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!"##q.!$$#"!!"#$$q.#}&&%$##~$}%}&~&q.$w'z'y&z%z$y$x%w&w'x'yq.&q)t)s(t't&s&r'q(q)r)sq.'k*n*m)n(n'm'l(k)k*l*mq.)e,h,g+h*h)g)f*e+e,f,gq.*`-c-b,c+c*b*a+`,`-a-bq.+Z.].\-],]+\+[,Z-Z.[.\q.-T0W0V/W.W-V-U.T/T0U0Vq..N1Q1P0Q/Q.P.O/N0N1O1Pq.0H3K3J2K1K0J0I1H2H3I3Jq.1C4F4E3F2F1E1D2C3C4D4Eq.3=6@6?5@4@3?3>4=5=6>6?q.477:796:5:494857677879q.6194938474636271819293q.7+:.:-9.8.7-7,8+9+:,:-q.9%<(<';(:(9'9&:%;%<&<'q.: =#="<#;#:":!; < =!="q.;>>=<;;<=>>q.=@@?>==>?@@q.>AA@?>>?@AAq.@C C B A @ @ ABC C q.ADDCBAABCDDq.CFFEDCCDEFFNlMq6OS OOPQRS S R Q P Oq6PT!PPQRSTT S!R!Q Pq6R'V6R)R(S'T'U(V4V5U6T6S5R)q6S<WKS>S=T<U<V=WIWJVKUKTJS>q6UQY_USURVQWQXRY]Y^X_W_V^USq6We[tWgWfXeYeZf[r[sZtYtXsWgq6Xz\X|X{YzZz[{\\[ZYX|q6Z^ZZ[\]^^]\[Zq6[_[[\]^__^]\[q6]a]]^_`aa`_^]q6_b__`abbba`__q6`d``abcddcba`q6bfbbcdeffedcbq6c gccd e fggfedcq6e"i1e$e#f"g"h#i/i0h1g1f0e$q6f7jFf9f8g7h7i8jDjEiFhFgEf9 P ""currentpoint "gsave "/psTop exch def /psLeft exch def 3currentpoint /psBottom exch def /psRight exch def A6 array currentmatrix psLeft psTop translate psRight psLeft sub $696 396 sub div psBottom psTop sub 760 683 sub div scale 396 neg 683 neg translate /psl { lineto } bind def /psm { moveto } bind def q;Vov^\A$$A\qoV; newpath 396 710 psm 397 713 psl 398 716 psl 400 718 psl 403 721 psl 405 722 psl 410 725 psl 415 728 psl 422 731 psl 430 734 psl 439 737 psl 460 742 psl 484 747 psl 487 748 psl 514 752 psl 542 756 psl 571 758 psl 598 759 psl 623 758 psl 645 757 psl 654 756 psl 662 754 psl 665 754 psl 672 752 psl 679 750 psl 684 748 psl 687 746 psl 689 744 psl 692 742 psl 693 740 psl 694 737 psl 695 734 psl 694 731 psl 694 729 psl 692 726 psl 691 724 psl 687 721 psl 685 720 psl 681 717 psl 675 714 psl 668 711 psl 660 708 psl 651 705 psl 630 699 psl 606 695 psl 604 694 psl 577 690 psl 548 687 psl 519 684 psl 492 683 psl 468 683 psl 446 685 psl 437 686 psl 428 687 psl 426 688 psl 418 689 psl 412 691 psl 407 693 psl 403 696 psl 401 697 psl 399 700 psl 397 702 psl 397 704 psl 396 707 psl 396 710 psl 409 708 psm 410 707 psl 412 705 psl 417 703 psl 423 701 psl 429 700 psl 437 699 psl 446 698 psl 468 696 psl 492 696 psl 519 697 psl 548 700 psl 577 703 psl 604 707 psl 625 711 psl 646 717 psl 655 720 psl 663 723 psl 670 726 psl 676 729 psl 679 731 psl 681 732 psl 682 734 psl 682 734 psl 681 735 psl 679 736 psl 674 738 psl 667 740 psl 662 742 psl 654 743 psl 645 744 psl 623 745 psl 598 746 psl 571 745 psl 542 743 psl 514 739 psl 487 735 psl 465 730 psl 444 725 psl 435 722 psl 427 719 psl 420 716 psl 415 713 psl 411 711 psl 410 709 psl 409 708 psl 409 708 psl "eoclip newpath closepath 0 0 psm setmatrix 1 grestore Q3 # "z#"currentpoint "zgsave "/psTop exch def /psLeft exch def 3currentpoint /psBottom exch def /psRight exch def A6 array currentmatrix psLeft psTop translate psRight psLeft sub $634 406 sub div psBottom psTop sub 904 680 sub div scale 406 neg 680 neg translate /psl { lineto } bind def /psm { moveto } bind def qy%:N_m$o&z9JQX[afimos}u{wwxtyoyixfw`vXsGk5_3]O =)  4(F:S:SL_]gejjkolslvkvkxjyhzezaz[yVvOn>c+c+VE1 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User- ՜.+,0\    'On-screen ShowdOberlin College Geologyf TimesComic Sans MSGeneva HelveticaBlankMicrosoft Word Picture<Consider the relative amounts of energy in different phasesNo Slide Title$Pure water - the water molecule H2O$Pure water - the water molecule H2O$Pure water - the water molecule H2OBPolar water molecules are held together by an electrostatic forceOHydrogen bonds are responsible for many of waters unusual physical properties Physical properties of water, I!Physical properties of water, II"Physical properties of water, III!Physical properties of water, IVNo Slide TitleNo Slide Title?Physical properties of water, IV In crystalline water, H2O molecules bond together in a structure characterized by open, six-sided rings; the shape is dictated by the tetrahedral shape of H2O molecule The volume filled by 24 H2O molecules in ice = the volume filled by 27 H2O molecules in water Aqueous solutionsAqueous solutions, II$An interesting practical example, I%An interesting practical example, II#Carbonate compensation depth (CCD)No Slide Title4Effects of dissolved substances on water properties  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles%_? Steven Wojtal