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LDA'}_orhyФI-"Z:s%MJ$MnI\T 7Q)6{܄b'6595nchs_sk 55EƊh ݨF3ډnSYPX5[-R%^yẄy(M1'ts; ǝ7NM$4Dƭ4(au8pi 75})p!Øp,4ZcYcn]mǜHw IqAҘkǘ5N"m-f o\yTDNk(Oɔ&.]ni:=O#Œ)GFqԭjԕ0PKk8ZPC(f"u[kZ%9C#6tg=+ZƤЕ3@ftT;ƌe6R;-Rs7[DZaT纭NcgZ3A sM`!˛k"M""c6VwLN$jǚ6!@i]mד.EɽܟkdLY7,0T_l)R!Tʓ{} (*9X*ű\%år8fH&1](Os|zz` P@Vb1p0I`2S1 $/Eu,E(o4< ^_{>o1YD Ÿ^l"w<;dy9rliW[ŌtgP._·r38{ηA7"y8 Q j̺glg\Ƙ#q2ރ_e>`ħ6텏< |"%j.Sڝh'zdԟix?Hv1K3yS06Q: p|$*=79+Ó _]II1;y_f1puQꃦA_ $mPf-GzJa?NT盙 FօorXZՇu2OA/-pn'Z2=`/a7A_(   5d3Picture Word.Picture.806Microsoft Word 2001 Pictured4Picture Word.Picture.806Microsoft Word 2001 Pictured TPicture Word.Picture.806Microsoft Word 2001 Pictured!UPicture Word.Picture.806Microsoft Word 2001 Pictured"VDocument Word.Document.808Microsoft Word 2001 Document/ 00DTimesca MSHUQ OR ORDComic Sans MSHUQ OR OR DHelvetica MSHUQ OR OR0DSymbolca MSHUQ OR OR  @n?" dd@  @@``  R      oB$؃g\vɄSP$PB$:jT8?k҃jPB$uxNs-i PB$ B4UQ=AL%PB$ -4' M:Pc $ ! f4+H@g4ddO 4 ppp@  <4ddddHU8R@g4mdmdO 4 p@ pp<4!d!dgHU8Rph___PPT2001D<4X? %O =HA(Waves &$  Waves result from interplay between disturbing forces & restoring forces In the oceans, disturbances originate At the surface, winds, ships, etc. perturb still water At the bottom, earthquakes, volcanic explosions, submarine landslides, etc. perturb the still water Primary restoring force for water waves is gravity Waves transport effects of local disturbance to other parts of the disturbed substance Effect of disturbance moves through a substance with little (if any) movement of the substance itself2qf  )) W+ Hf  RGWaves &$  $All wave phenomena result from interplay between disturbing forces & restoring forces All wave phenomena transport the effects of a local disturbance to other portions of the disturbed substance Effect of disturbance travels through a substance, but there is little (if any) transport of the substance itself In the oceans, disturbances originate At the surface, where winds, ships, etc. perturb the flat surface of the water At the bottom, where earthquakes, volcanic explosions, submarine landslides, etc. perturb the still water Primary restoring force for water waves is gravity These perturbations generate waves that travel along the surface of the ocean (along interface between air and water) or waves that travel along interfaces between water masses with different properties - internal wavesr&f   Qr&A ]+f/6W      f % B)D+ Ideal waves& $   Have sinusoidal form Have regularly-spaced crests or troughs Vertical distance from crest to trough = wave height (H) Horizontal distance between adjacent crests (or troughs or inflection points) = wave length (L)f W R   C*Progressive waves &$  Effect of disturbance, either a lone wave crest, a lone wave trough or a sequence of several crests & troughs, travels through water (think of effect of a pebble tossed in a pond) We call these water waves progressive waves In some cases that we will examine, a wave s inflection point may appear to be stationary while the wave crests become troughs & the wave troughs become crests We call these water waves standing waves Standing waves are really the sum of two or more progressive waves (more about this later),)[>bfZf  F-Progressive waves &$  As progressive wave moves through water, different water parcels occupy crest at different times Frequency (F) of wave is the number of crests or troughs that pass a point per unit time Measure frequency in cycles per second Period (T) of wave is the time interval between the passage of successive crests or troughs Wave speed (C) = wavelength divided by period (C= L/T) Wave speed (C) wavelength times frequency (C = LF)'b M&fT f$ f&  H/Progressive wave movement&$  As ideal progressive waves move through water, they cause individual parcels of water to oscillate The oscillation of water parcels in water waves does not match movement in longitudinal or transverse waves Water waves are orbital waves; parcels trace out circular (or elliptical) orbits Radius of orbital circle decreases with depth At water depth D = L/9 = 0.11L, radius of path is about half that at surface No water movement due to wave passage at depth greater than D = L/2Y f+  E,1Sea surface rarely resembles shape of ideal waves&21$ 2 Sea surface has irregular form that is the sum of many different waves traveling through water simultaneously - waves interfere constructively or destructively H   YNZOG.Shapes of water waves &$  If L>1.73 cm or T>0.1 sec, gravity is the primary restoring force for water waves Gravity causes the shapes of water waves to vary with relative sizes of wave height H & wavelength L When H/L is small, wave form resembles a sine curve When H/L is large, wave crests become more pointed & wave takes a shape called a trochoid H/L ratio, called the wave steepness, correlates with wave stability When H/L<1/7 & crest angle > 120, wave is stable When H/L = 1/7 and crest angle = 120, wave is unstable & breaksPt0 (1Ifffff fffffffff <    SH"Deep water vs. shallow water waves&#"$    zWater waves are orbital waves; parcels trace out circular or elliptical orbits Observe different orbits as wave travels from deep to shallow water Deep water vs. shallow water - all relative to wavelength Where water depth (D) exceeds one half the wavelength (D>L/2), get deep water wave Where water depth (D) is less than one half the wavelength (DL/2 Wave forms are sinusoidal or rounded Individual water parcels trace out circular orbits At surface paths have relatively large diameter & do not quite close Diameters of paths decrease with depth Effect of passing wave not felt below L/2 Wave speed is a function of only wavelength or only wave period C = g T/ 2p or C = (g L)1/28ls# $!  f v J1Shallow water waves&$  Water depth DL/2, get deep water wave Where water depth D$$$$f$ f    A   hZBreaking waves&$  Shallow water waves feel the bottom, and, because their speed depends on the water depth, slow down Orbits of water particles near sediment water interface first become elliptical then devolve to a back-and-forth movement as waves travel to shallower water Waves could slow by reducing wavelength (L) or increasing period (T); observe that waves reduce L but keep T constant Wave height is unchanged but wavelength is shorter, so waves steepen, and often take on trochoidal form As waves slow, their total kinetic energy remains about the same; later waves add energy to waves already slowed, so crest heights of waves may actually increase Energy of particles of water at different positions in wave remains as nearly constant as possible; particles in upper parts of wave less affected by bottom, so keep circular path In response to the slowing, steepening, etc, waves eventually break, usually when wave height H = 0.8D rwZZhZ}= z.>ffL     w   B _TTypes of breaking waves&   YSpilling breakers - wave crests spill forward, creating foam and turbulent water, as wave fronts travel across a gently-sloped beach Plunging breakers - wave crests form spectacular open curl; crests fall forward with considerable force, dissipating energy in a well-defined area on a moderately-sloped beach Collapsing breakers - wave fronts form steep faces that collapse as waves move forward across a moderately-sloped beach under moderate winds Surging breakers - long, relatively low waves whose front faces and crests remain relatively unbroken as waves slide up and down a steeply-sloped beach Z`Ls Z W  ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3` ):@+H` ):@+H`  4@+H>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> +#(    64  P P V Click to edit Master title style! !   0   P RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     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F::1TableCompObj>A/X ՜.+,0 hp  'Oberlin College  Title [4@4NormalCJOJPJQJmH <A@<Default Paragraph Font  l  ,B$Z Khb%/8+@J( 4e6<L`g: 2  CTENGgHZJNQ1 `TT_TT`TT_TTN_TTN2  CTENGZHp5I`TJNQ1 T`TTT`TT`TN`TT`TN2  CTENGgHZJNQ1 `TT_TT`TT_TTN_TTN2  ENGHZJQ1 `T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T2  ENGZHI`TJQ1 `T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`T`TB S  ?_P _qt_qt K ^tK ^t<K^t@lE3""@GTimes New Roman5Symbol3 Arial3Times"1hUJFUJFA0Y Wendy Kozol Wendy KozolWord.Picture.8 Oh+'0\   $ 0<DLT'osos Wendy KozolendNormalo Wojtal/KozolWo2jtMicrosoft Word 9.0d@@<@dL =TObjInfo1ObjectPool@C::WordDocumentSummaryInformation(BD#s jbjb " kk] WWWWYYYYYY,x VWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WW  jUmH N N!"#%$%% Oh+'0X    ,8@HP'osos Wendy KozolendNormalo Wendy Kozol2ndMicrosoft Word 8.0d@@w.3@w.3DocumentSummaryInformation8,OlePres000G4WordDocument=SummaryInformation(FH2 ՜.+,0 hp  'Oberlin College  TitleTCIPe@C HHMSWDS&}MSWD++HH T'|0e;JDqefefLqgQRgRgQQRgRHqfbcfcfbbcfcL(/qgrsgsgrrsgsLovqggggTqiiiiT qiiiiLOVqggggL qggg.Zq\qHqfffPqhhhPCqhhhLyqgggvPqKKKKqCqq44 , Comic Sans MS .(0'*Where DL/2, swell*&behaves like a deep water wave, & wave*speed C = gT/2, Symbol)p)  or C = [gL]L MSWD%++HH K qb90O99=@CF!H%J+K)K0M.O)M(M#KIGDA@=9%_qf%0;.%0')(+(%*!,/248;;8430-+#((&)&)&.%Gjqb,LIbIbFbF_D[CY?V<S8Q3O3O,N.L3M4M9O>QATDWFZG[I_IbA nqf+G(+(+&0%0%4#9!<?ACDGFFDC?!<"8%3&1&1&+()\qr1#&,+10+)% ) qqf101+,&# %)++0Nqb0LLGGFDA>9440066<?DGIIJLFqv,I.,116;>ADDFFFIIIGGFDA<9333.  qqb. #)).,(&!  qqb. #)).,(&! qfu.,u.w)x)x#z |}z!x&v(v(v,u`cq^+GGDCC??9933+,44<<CCFFGb\qZ+bIwFbIbGhFhDmDm<q<r4u4u,w+u3s;p;pAlAlDhDhFb  qeeejrq.0.00..3MSWDu++HH 2 q %%##"            " $$%$%u q# _ __SMHC>952. , * '&%%### $ & (*+.259>CH M S _uqV    {wrmgaV V a gmrw{   yq"  """    yq""      """3 E jbjb^^ h<h<El>>>>> J >jb:,a X!b"0V xH>> Where winds generate waves,D>L/2, swell behaves like a deep water wave, & wave speed C = gT/2p or C = "[gL]  EMBED Word.Picture.8   EMBED Word.Picture.8   EMBED Word.Picture.8 Where D<L/2, swell behaves like a shallow-water wave, & speed C = "[gD]. 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User- ՜.+,0    -'On-screen ShoweOberlin College Geology? TimesComic Sans MS HelveticaSymbolBlankMicrosoft Word PictureMicrosoft Word DocumentWaves Waves No Slide Title Ideal wavesProgressive waves Progressive waves Progressive wave movement2Sea surface rarely resembles shape of ideal wavesNo Slide TitleNo Slide TitleShapes of water waves #Deep water vs. shallow water wavesDeep water wavesShallow water wavesWave generationWaves at their point of origin%Waves far from their point of originWave refraction No Slide TitleAs waves travel to shoregIn response to the slowing, steepening, etc, waves eventually break, usually when wave height H = 0.8DBreaking wavesTypes of breaking waves  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles%_p Steven Wojtal