OBERLIN COLLEGE BUSINESS CONDUCT POLICY

 

CONTENTS

 

Introduction

Working with One Another

Confidentiality

Conflict of Interest

Purchasing Practices and Vendor Relations

Gifts and Entertainment

Proper Accounting

Misuse of University Assets

Information Technology Responsible Use Policy

Copyright Infringement

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Oberlin College, like other large, complex institutions, operates by means of a decentralized organizational structure through which responsibility is delegated for a variety of business and accounting functions. This delegation is managed through the issuance of policies and procedures prescribing the manner in which business transactions are to be administered, and through the setting of specific limitations and internal control procedures.

 

All employees charged with these responsibilities should be familiar with the appropriate policies and procedures covered in this document, as well as those outlined in the following:

•Employee handbooks (published by Human Resources) and Faculty handbooks

• Purchasing and Auxiliary Services User’s Guide

• Student Rules and Regulations (published in each year's campus directory)

 

This document has been developed to provide further guidance on a variety of general business and ethical issues. While it is impossible to address every conceivable situation that may arise, this handbook should provide a framework for faculty and staff to draw upon in their evaluation of specific circumstances.

 

Should you have a question regarding business practices that are not addressed in this guide, please feel free to contact any of the directors of the following departments:

• the Department of Human Resources (ext. 58430)

• the Controller's Office (ext. 58428)

• the Office of Equity Concerns (ext. 58555)

• the Office of Purchasing and Auxiliary Services (ext. 58440)

 

WORKING WITH ONE ANOTHER

 

Oberlin College reaffirms its commitment to the principle of equal opportunity and equal treatment in education and employment regardless of a person's race, color, religion, creed, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, age, disability, veteran's status, national origin, or family relationship to an employee  of Oberlin College.  In accepting either a faculty or staff position at Oberlin, an individual agrees to share this commitment to the principle of equal opportunity and equal treatment in the performance of his or her assigned responsibilities and in interaction with faculty and staff colleagues and students.  The college is interested in hiring able, qualified employees and will be happy to consider members of employees' families for employment.  As a matter of policy, we attempt to avoid placing relatives in the same department, and we will not place relatives in positions where their supervision could cause a conflict of interest. 

 

Oberlin College strives to provide the campus community with a work environment that is free of harassment or other unreasonable interference with the performance of their college duties.  For positions where the responsibilities include the protection of fellow employers and students, the College will conduct reference checks.  We aspire to be a community of colleagues in which mutual respect guides our day-to-day interactions.  While the college respects an individual's right to self-expression, it expects that the rights and concerns of others who work at Oberlin are respected as well.  At Oberlin, there is no place in the work environment for conduct that demeans or belittles another person.  For these reasons, harassment of any kind is unacceptable and subject to disciplinary action. 

 

For more information regarding discriminatory harassment, please refer to the employee and faculty handbooks or to the Department of Human Resources or Office of Equity Concerns.

 

CONFIDENTIALITY

 

Many staff and faculty members handle a variety of proprietary and private information concerning colleagues, students, patients, alumni, donors, or others associated with the college, as well as confidential information regarding college business. This material may include payroll figures, personal data such as employee home addresses, donor files, or student records. It is the responsibility of all Oberlin employees to respect the highest level of privacy for their colleagues and other members of the Oberlin community.  Disclosure and discussion of confidential information obtained from college, or department records, either during or after employment with Oberlin is impermissible unless such disclosure is a normal requirement of an employee's position and has been so authorized. If an employee is confronted with a situation in which he or she is unsure about the appropriateness of disclosing certain information, he or she should consult with a supervisor, chair, dean, or the Human Resources department.

 

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

 

Question: I received a call from another Oberlin employee requesting the home addresses of several staff members in my office. Should I release this information?
Answer:  No. Employees expect the college to exercise great discretion in sharing personal information, and their privacy should therefore be respected. An employee's home address and phone number should not be released without his/her consent, unless a case of emergency—a medical crisis, for instance—warrants this action.

Question: My supervisor is identified as the responsible person on a number of budget accounts. I maintain the account and budget records for our department and have been requested by a coworker to provide information regarding a particular transaction affecting one of the accounts. Should I share this information?
Answer: Only the responsible person for that account should answer questions regarding transactions. You should refer the coworker to your supervisor, who can best decide whether or not to provide the answer.

Question: As part of my job, I am often required to notify students in our department of their grades. Should this information be treated confidentially?
Answer: Yes. Grades are considered confidential information, so care should be taken to make certain that a student's grade information is released only to him or her. Most departments require students to show identification when requesting their grades; you should be certain to confirm your department's specific policy with your supervisor or chair.

Question: An officer of my bargaining unit who knows I process the student payroll asks me for payroll information. May I provide it?
Answer:   No. State and federal statutes identify payroll information as confidential. Any College employee must make such a request to the department officially authorized to disseminate such information. The Department of Human Resources is the appropriate first source for any inquiries.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 

GENERAL PURPOSE

 

Oberlin College employees hold important responsibilities in connection with the work they perform for the college.  Oberlin College expects that all personnel will perform their duties in good faith and in the best interests of the college.  In particular, employees are expected to avoid activities, agreements, business investments or interests, or other situations that could be construed as either in conflict with the interest of the college or as an interference with the individual's duty to serve the college to the best interest of his or her ability. 

 

DEFINITION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 

A conflict of interest exists when an employee is in a position to benefit personally, directly or indirectly, from his or her dealings with an entity or person conducting business with the college.  All employees have an obligation to avoid conflict, or the appearance of conflict, between their personal interests and the interests of the college in dealing with outside organizations or individuals. 

 

REPORTABLE INTEREST AND RELATIONSHIPS

 

Under the policy, “employees” refers to all officers, deans, department heads and employees possessing the authority to act or make decisions on behalf of Oberlin College.  Employees possessing the authority to act or make decisions on behalf of Oberlin or who supervise persons having such authority, must notify the college of the existence of any situation described below:

 

The current or potential involvement of the employee, or a member of his or her family, in a financial or other relationship that directly and significantly affects, or potentially could affect, his or her independent, unbiased judgment in the discharge of his or her duties to the college.  A conflict of interest could arise, for example from an employee’s compensated service as a consultant;  part-time employment with a firm doing business with the college; membership on a board of directors; or significant ownership interests (e.g., stock).

 

The possession on the part of the employee, or a member of his or her family, of a significant ownership interest or management function in an organization conducting business with the college.  A significant ownership interest shall mean 1 percent (1%) or more of  the stock in the corporation conducting business with the college; 1 percent (1%) or more interest in the profits of a partnership conducting business with the college; or a beneficial interest of 1 percent (1%) or more in any other enterprise conducting business with the college. 

 

The employee’s potential for material, financial, or other benefit from knowledge of information confidential to the college.

 

“Family” member shall mean spouse, parents, siblings, children, or persons living in employee’s same household.

 

ANNUAL DISCLOSURE GUIDELINES AND REPORTABLE INTERESTS

Most concerns about conflicts of interest may be resolved and appropriately addressed through prompt and complete disclosure.  In furtherance of that objective, the college has adopted the following guidelines:

 

All Oberlin College officers, deans, select department heads and select other employees on an annual basis, make a written disclosure to the Vice-President of Finance of all reportable conflict of interests as defined in this policy.

 

Disclosure forms will be distributed to officers, deans, select department heads and select other employees by the Vice-President for Finance.  Employees will be responsible for completing and returning this form to the Vice-President for Finance. 

 

The Vice-President of Finance will review all forms and take any appropriate action that may be necessary.

 

If the Vice-President for Finance determines that an actual or potential conflict of interest exists, the employee may appeal that determination and any requirements imposed to manage the conflict to Senior Staff within fourteen days.  The decision of the Senior Staff shall be final.  If no appeal is taken in a timely manner, the initial determination shall become the final decision of the college.  In the event the Oberlin College employee seeking appeal is a member of the Senior Staff, the matter will be referred to the Trustee Legal Affairs Committee for resolution.

 

Failure to disclose a reportable interest or relationship or neglecting to comply with the college’s requirement for managing a determined conflict of interest may subject the employee to disciplinary action.

 

FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH

Faculty and Staff should refer to the Oberlin College Faculty Guide, Section II, Part B.  Further, Oberlin College has adopted the principles of the Joint Statement of the Council of the American Association of University Professors and the American Council on Education "On Preventing Conflicts of Interest in Government-Sponsored Research at Universities."   Copies of this statement are available from the Office of Sponsored Programs. 

 

PURCHASING PRACTICES AND VENDOR RELATIONS

Oberlin College's Purchasing and Auxiliary Services Office is authorized to act on behalf of the college in all purchasing matters.  Unless specifically authorized, all other college employees are prohibited from committing the college or acting as its agent in all purchasing matters.   

 

All faculty and staff should observe the following with regards to vendor relations:

In cases where you have questions about a contract you should consult the proper authority at the College.

 

QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Question: A family friend is involved in the sale of an item that the college frequently purchases from another vendor.Could I ask the college to consider switching vendors?
Answer:  The Purchasing and Auxiliary Services Department is always willing to consider adding vendors to its bid list.  You may feel free to submit this vendor's name to the department for future consideration.

Question: A department has a need for a piece of equipment. Is it permissible to commit the college to purchasing the items from a certain company prior to obtaining the required bids?
Answer: No, only the Purchasing and Auxiliary Services Department is authorized to commit the college in purchasing matters. The college has various policies and procedures they follow in the purchase of goods and services.

Question: My department has an immediate need for a piece of equipment that will enable research to continue. Should I place the order over the phone in order to expedite delivery?
Answers: No. Oberlin College's purchase order contains many terms and conditions to protect the college in case a dispute arises between the requisitioner and the vendor. Without a purchase order, the college has no commitment to pay the bill, leaving the requisitioner potentially responsible for payment. Contact Purchasing and Auxiliary Services to protect both the college and yourself!

 

GIFTS AND ENTERTAINMENT

 

 

Gifts made to college personnel may be in the form of entertainment, social invitations, sporting events, favors, personal property, services, or discounts. Gifts from vendors, contractors, and others conducting business with Oberlin are most often given as a gesture of goodwill and appreciation, but all faculty and staff should be aware that gifts are generally given with the intent to influence a business decision. This behavior is customary business practice, but such activity serves no useful purpose and can create conflicts of interest. It is the obligation of the employee responsible for a business relationship to handle gifts properly and in accordance with college policy.

 

Employees (and family members of employees) may not accept gifts of more than a token or nominal value from a supplier or vendor under any circumstances. While at times it may be difficult to quantify the cost of a gift, it is always important to consider the appearance of impropriety and unfair business practice.

 

The expenditure of college funds for gifts to employees or students for any purpose other than those provided through authorized recognition programs is prohibited.

 

QU E S T I O N S & A N S W E R S

Question: A vendor offered me two tickets, worth approximately $100, to a sporting event. Should I accept the ticket?
Answer: The value of the tickets is relatively immaterial and the game is a one-time event, so it is permissible to accept the tickets.

Question: A consultant working with the College has offered to let me stay at his vacation home on one of the Lake Erie Islands for the weekend. Should I accept the invitation?
Answer: This gift would have been more than a token or nominal value and acceptance would give the appearance of impropriety, so it would be inappropriate for you to accept this invitation.

Question: A valued employee has chosen to leave the college in search of a better opportunity. Several co-workers have suggested purchasing a going away gift maybe even a going away party. Can I use college funds to support such an endeavor?
Answer: Although a valued employee who is leaving should be recognized, one must remember that college assets should be used only to further the mission of the college. Gifts or small parties must be approved by the division head.

PROPER ACCOUNTING

 

Sound business practice calls for each member of the Oberlin College  faculty, staff, and community to assume responsibility for safeguarding and preserving the assets and resources of the college. The following policy statements pertain to all business activities of the college. It is the responsibility of all supervisors to ensure that their staff are aware of and familiar with these policy statements.

 

1. All revenues generated by college related activities and all expenditures for goods and services must be recorded and accounted for within the Oberlin College Financial Records System.

 

2. The college Financial Records System consists of the general ledger and all subsidiary systems (manual and automated) that serve as the basis for ledger entries. All transactions, whether recorded directly into the general ledger or entered through a subsystem, should be transcribed in a way that allows for the preparation of financial statements in conformance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles  (GAAP). The Controller's Office is responsible for the accuracy, integrity, and overall management of the college's Financial Records System and should therefore be consulted on any matters relating to accounting policies and procedures.

 

3. The recording of all financial transactions must be timely and accurate, clearly identifying the true business nature of the transaction. Specific guidance pertaining to the timely posting of transactions for fiscal year‑end is provided in a memorandum to all departments from the Controller's Office in June of each fiscal year.

 

4.  No transaction, whether recorded directly into the general ledger or indirectly from a subsystem, nor any supporting documentation, shall be deliberately left incomplete or distorted. No payments made on behalf of the college are to be approved with the understanding that any part of such payment is for any purpose other than that described on its supporting documents.

 

 

5.  All cash receipts including checks, cash, money orders, or travelers checks should be deposited at the Students Accounts Office.  Checks should be made payable to Oberlin College.   All donations and or gifts  to the College should be handled through the Development Office by contacting them at x58273.

 

6.  The use of college funds or assets for any unlawful or improper purpose is prohibited by not only the college but also local, state and federal law.  Ignorance of the law is no excuse, therefore you should contact the Controller's Office should you have any questions concerning your use of college assets.

 

7.  No bank accounts are to be established by individual schools, departments, student organizations, or others acting on their behalf for the purpose of funding, or to assist in funding, any college activity.  Should you or your office require cash funds, petty cash accounts or advances are available by contacting the Controller's Office.

 

8.  All contracts which commit college resources must be reviewed and approved through the Purchasing Department, Vice Presidents for Finance Office and/or Controller's Office.

 

9.  Each account in the College's financial records system has been assigned a "responsible person"—usually a department chair, administrator, or principal investigator, whose responsibility is to:

 

•     Assure that monthly reports of account activity are reviewed to determine that all charges and entries are accurate and complete

•     Verify that all entries made to each account have been properly allocated, representing expenses for activities that pertain to he purpose of the account.

•     Take appropriate action to correct any improper charges attributed to an account by notifying the Controller’s Office immediately.

•     Ensure that all charges made to government and other restricted sponsoring agency accounts are appropriate and allowable under the sponsor’s regulations.  These expenditures must also follow Obelrin College’s guidelines for review and approval.

 

10. All budget projections provided by those responsible for an account must properly reflect activity posted to the financial records system and accurately represent all known activity being recorded through any subsidiary system.

 

11.  All disbursements are processed through the Controller's Office.  This includes vendor invoices, expense reimbursements, and payroll.  Each of these disbursements requires specific documentation in order for it to be processed.

                                                                                                                                                                                 

•   Vendor invoices are handled through Accounts Payable and require an original invoice and a purchase order.

•   Expense reimbursements need original receipts along with a payment request form.

•   Payroll is comprised of three separate pay categories:  general, hourly and student.  Contact the Payroll Department in the Controller's Office for processing procedures. 

 

     Should a disbursement check of any type be misplaced contact the Controller's Office for replacement instructions.

Q U E S T I O N S & A N S W E R S

Question: Although I have been designated the "responsible person" for a particular college account, time constrains prevent me from reviewing account activity in detail. Is it acceptable for me to assign this task to a staff member?
Answer: Yes, it is acceptable to assign the task. You do, however, remain responsible for ensuring the person carries out the task completely—that he or she acts to resolve any errors or misrepresentations in the accounts or informs you of any discrepancies so that you can take the necessary corrective actions. You are responsible even though you had assigned the duty to a subordinate.

Question: I have a petty cash account and have been asked to disburse funds to an individual for services rendered. Can I use petty cash to pay individuals for services rendered?
Answer: No. Petty cash should not be used for payment to individuals, personal loans, vendor invoices that the College has accounts with, or as a cash drawer. Improper use of petty cash violates college policy and in some cases may also violate local, state or federal law.

Question: I have received a check for deposit on a computer system. I would like to deposit it at the Student Accounts Office. However, I am sure the purchaser will change the order. Should I hold the check in my office until the transaction is completed?
Answer: No. All checks should be deposited at the Student Accounts Office upon receipt. If a problem arises a refund or adjustment can be made by contacting the Controller’s Office.

 

Question: In order to provide for certain recurring needs, my department has recently opened a checking account. Is this permissible?
Answer: No. Your department should consult the Controller's Office in order to develop a system that will both address its needs for handling miscellaneous or program income and expenses, and ensure that activity is being properly recorded in the College's financial records system.

 

MISUSE OF COLLEGE ASSETS

Note: This section does not address the subjects of scientific misconduct or the theft of intellectual property.

The college places a high level of trust in you, its faculty and staff, and requires that college assets under your control will be protected and properly safeguarded from loss and misuse. This responsibility rests with college employees at all levels and throughout all departments. The overwhelming majority of college personnel are ethical and well intentioned and do their best to conduct college business activities at the highest level of propriety. However, as a result of this tendency, fraud situations may not be properly recognized ‑ especially in instances involving coworkers of long affiliation - and may be viewed only as "administrative errors."

 

Fraud is defined as "an act of deceiving or misrepresenting in order to secure unfair or unlawful gain." Embezzlement is defined as "to appropriate (as property entrusted to one's care) fraudulently to one's own use." Fraud takes many forms. Examples include misconduct such as untruthful financial reporting, expense report falsification, dishonest or false worker's compensation or insurance claims, kickbacks, bid rigging, and the misuse of college checks, credit cards, or computers (see Information Technology Responsible Use Policy below). Fraud both undermines trust and depletes the college and the department involved of vital resources. Every member of the Oberlin community, regardless of his or her position, is expected to cooperate and assist in preventing or identifying fraud.

If you, as a member of the Oberlin community, are aware of or suspect a case of fraud, theft, embezzlement, or misuse of college assets, you should immediately report the situation to your supervisor, chair, or dean, and/or to the director of either the Human Resource Office (x58430) or the Office of the Vice President for Finance (x58460).

Although college management prefers that sources identify themselves when reporting suspicion of fraud, anonymous fraud allegations will be accepted for consideration when supported by reasonable facts and circumstances. Such allegations should be mailed (mark envelope "Confidential") to the Human Resource's Office in the Service Building.

College equipment is acquired for the benefit of the entire Oberlin College community. Proper care and handling of the equipment will help insure its continued use and benefit to the college. However at some point the equipment may become obsolete or inoperative. Contact the Purchasing Department at x8440 for instructions on how to dispose of the old equipment and acquire a replacement.

QU E S T I O N S & A N S W E R S

Question: What should I do if I notice that goods being ordered by a coworker for personal use are being charged to a departmental account?
Answer: The misuse of college assets for personal gain is improper and considered fraud. You should report your suspicions to your supervisor, chair, or dean, and to the Human Resource Office or VP for Finance.

Question: I recently witnessed one of my fellow employees submitting false receipts for business travel. What can I do?
Answer: Report what you have seen to your supervisor, chair, or dean, and to the Human Resource Office or VP for Finance.

Question: My office currently has a computer printer which is not being usedby the college. I would like to purchase this printer for my computer at home. Can I write a check to the department and take the computer home?
Answer: No. Disposal of college assets needs to be handled through the Purchasing Department in consultation with your department head. Purchasing will notify the Controller’s Office for the proper fixed asset accounting as well as the Student Accounts Office to process the cash receipt. The sale of certain items may also expose the college to an unforeseen liability and must be cleared with our insurance carrier.

Question: I'm aware of fraudulent activity taking place at the college that I'd like to see stopped but don't want to get involved. Is there any way I can proceed?
Answer: The college encourages all faculty and staff members to come forward with any and all honest allegations of fraud or suspected fraud. However, employees may submit information anonymously to the Human Resource Office by mail.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESPONSIBLE USE POLICY

Guidelines for Appropriate Use of ObieMail at Oberlin College

ObieMail was designed to be a local area network (LAN) product, not a wide area network (WAN) product. At 800+ users, it could be argued that we are pushing the functional limits of this product at Oberlin College.  It is a very fine e-mail system, with many convenient features, however, these features come at a price.

 

In order to maintain a high quality of service for all ObieMail users in the Oberlin College community, the following guidelines have been established by the Computing Center for its use.

 

1.   ObieMail use should be reasonably limited to the business, research, and academic uses of the College community.  While this should not preclude all personal messages (such as wishing a colleague a happy birthday), we ask that ObieMail users use discretion in this regard, especially for messages that are intended for a large audience.  Chain letters and advertising announcements should not be sent under any circumstances.  Besides the obvious resource limitations, this guideline is recommended by the expressed desire of most College community members NOT to receive “junk” e-mail.  

2.   Users should refrain from keeping many messages (read or unread) in their mailbox.  Instead, users should promptly file messages in their personally maintained folders on their hard disks.  This relinquishes space on the central servers and enhances response time for all users.

3.   When it is necessary to send a mail message to a large group of users, we recommend that the address list be split up into approximately equally-sized groups of 100 - 150 users.  If possible, the message should be sent during non-business hours.  We also recommend that ObieMail “delay” option be used before sending to some of the groups.  In this manner, the central servers do not become overloaded with a large volume of messages all at once.

4.   ObieMail should not be used for the distribution of very large files to a large number of recipients.  Better options include file sharing (perhaps using FTP transfer), placing the files on a server, or distribution through a World Wide Web.  (In any of these cases, ObieMailcould be used to announce the file’s location.)  If you would like more information, please contact a Computing Center consultant. 

5.   ObieMail is primarily intended for faculty and staff, not the student population.  We have provided some accounts for student employees under special circumstances, but this is not done as a rule.

 

Additional Information:  

The Computing Center offers phone consulting and documentation on the use of ObieMail.  We also offer occasional training workshops.  Please call the Computing Center at 440-775-8290 for more information.

 

If you have comments or suggestions about ObieMail, please feel free to contact John Bucher, Director of Computing, at 440-775-8700, or via e-mail at:  john.bucher@oberlin.edu 

 

 

COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT

 

It is Oberlin College's policy to respect copyrights and to duplicate or reproduce copyrighted materials only as allowed by law or by special agreement.

 

USE OF THE OBERLIN COLLEGE NAME, SEAL, AND LOGO

 

The Oberlin College name, seal, and logo may not be used:

• in conjunction with any private or commercial enterprise.

• in tandem with the advertisement of any product.

• by any individual or group promoting itself.

 

Use of the college name, seal, or logo on letterhead and business cards is standardized and regulated by the Office of Communications.

 

Any questions regarding the use of the college name, seal, or logo in circumstances other than the ones listed above should be referred to the director of Communications.

 

COPYRIGHT OF INTELLECTUAL MATERIAL

 

Copyright is a form of protection that the law provides to the creators of "original works of authorship . . . fixed in any tangible medium of expression," both published and unpublished (Title 17, United States Code).

 

Copyright is owned by the author of a work for the duration of the author's lifetime, plus fifty years. An exception is made in cases of publication for hire, in which the author specifically assigns the copyright to the employer/publisher. In these cases, the copyright is valid for seventy‑five years from the year of first publication, or 100 years from the date of creation, whichever comes first.

 

The doctrine of fair use has been codified in section 107 of the copyright law, which attempts to address the needs of scholars and students without infringing unduly on the rights of copyright holders. Section 107 does not provide explicit rules, but rather a framework for considering how to balance educational needs with the author's rights of ownership. Fair use does allow reproduction of a copyrighted article for the purpose of criticism, comment, scholarship, or research. Considerations for determining whether such a reproduction constitutes fair use include:

 

• character of use (nonprofit as opposed to commercial);

• nature of the work;

• amount and substantiality of the portion used; and

• effect of the use on the value or commercial market of the work.

 

Copyright permission should never be assumed. According to Copyright Office document FL102, "The safest course is always to obtain permission from the copyright owner before using copyrighted material."

 

Oberlin College respects the ownership of intellectual material governed by copyright laws. All members of the college community are expected to comply with the copyright laws and the provisions of the licensing agreements that apply to software, printed and electronic materials—including documentation; graphics; photographs; multimedia, including musical works, video productions, sound recordings, and dramatic works—and all other technological resources licensed and/or purchased by the college or accessible over network resources provided by the college. Individual author, publisher, patent holder, and manufacturer agreements are to be reviewed for specific stipulations.

 

QU E S T I O N S & A N S W E R S

Question: Can I ever use a copyrighted work without permission of the copyright holder?
Answer: There are indeed instances in which copyrighted works may be used without the permission of the copyright holder, but each instance must be  evaluated individually. Photocopying is a particularly relevant area addressed under fair use.  According to the Federal Copyright Act of 1976, copyright permission is not required for the following:   
   
 *Single copies for personal or scholarly use or for library designation;
*single copies for personal or scholarly use or for library reserve designation;
*materials not under copyright protection, e.g., most U.S. government documents and works whose copyright has expired; or
*multiple copies for classroom use, so far as they meet standards for brevity, spontaneity, and cumulative effect.